Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. It spans across Eastern Europe and northern Asia, sharing borders with 14 countries and two maritime neighbors. Its vast territory includes diverse landscapes ranging from tundra and forests to mountains and plains.
The history of Russia dates back over a thousand years, with its early development marked by the Slavic tribes' settlement and the influence of Viking traders. The foundation of the modern Russian state was laid in the late 9th century when Rurik, a Varangian ruler, established his rule over the eastern Slavs. Over centuries, Russia has evolved through various dynasties, including the Romanovs, until the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the Russian Federation was formed.
Today, Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic. It plays a significant role on the global stage due to its vast resources, particularly oil and natural gas, which make it one of the leading energy producers globally. The country also boasts a rich cultural heritage, with contributions to art, literature, music, and science. Prominent figures such as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky, and Mendeleev have left indelible marks on human civilization.
Russia's political system operates under a constitution adopted in 1993. The President serves as both head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, while the Prime Minister acts as the head of government. The legislative branch consists of the Federal Assembly, comprising two chambers: the State Duma and the Federation Council.
In terms of demographics, Russia is home to approximately 146 million people, with Moscow being the capital and largest city. The population is ethnically diverse, featuring over 190 ethnic groups, though ethnic Russians constitute the majority. Russian is the official language, but numerous other languages are spoken across the nation.
Economically, Russia faces challenges related to its reliance on oil and gas exports. Efforts are ongoing to diversify the economy and attract foreign investment. Technological innovation and industrial development remain key priorities for sustaining growth and improving living standards.
Culturally, Russia celebrates traditions that blend Eastern and Western influences. Iconic landmarks like St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square, the Bolshoi Theatre, and the Hermitage Museum reflect this unique cultural synthesis. Festivals, such as Maslenitsa and Orthodox Christmas, highlight the deep-rooted customs and religious practices that continue to shape Russian society.
As a nation with a complex and storied past, Russia continues to navigate contemporary geopolitical dynamics while striving towards progress and stability in the modern era.
